![]() Males, which help determine gender Wolffian vs Muellerian Systems of ducts in fetus that become part of internal reproductive organs of Males vs. in Males XX vs XY Sex chromosomes typical of Females vs. on behavior Estrogens vs Androgens Class of reproductive hormones found in greater proportion in Females vs. ![]() ACh Excitatory neurotransmitter released by above to desynchronize brain 90 Minutes Duration (# of minutes) of one sleep cycle through Stages 1, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, "Dream" sleep REM Rebound Condition after sleep deprivation in which system attempts to enter "Dream" sleep more frequently Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Location in Hypothalamus of Circadian Clock Zietgeber "Time Giver", a stimulus, such a bright sunlight, that can reset Circadian Clock Retino-Hypothalamic Path Path of Optic Nerve collateral that connects special visual receptors in eye directly to clock Pineal Gland Gland that produces a hormone that impacts on Hypothalamus to increase sleepiness Melatonin The hormone produced by the Pineal Gland, which can also be taken as a sleep aid Basal Forebrain Forebrain structure (anterior & doral to Hypothal) that modifies arousal in cortex, releases ACh & GABA Adenosine Chemical that builds up in cells, released as NT, inhibits release of above excitatory NT, promoted sleep Caffeine Stimulant that blocks receptors from Adenosine, allowing continued cortical arousal PreOptic Area Nucleus of Hypothalamus critical in initiating sleep (also assesses & regulates body temp) Raphe Nuclei Structure in Pons whose functions include shutting off REM sleep Serotonin Neurotransmitter released by Raphe Nuclei very low in Slow Wave sleep, very high at the end of REM Reticular Formation "Net" from Medulla & Pons, for widespread arousal of Forebrain, esp Thalamus and Basal Forebrain ACh & Glutamate Two neurotransmitters released by Reticular Formation, to alert brain Locus Coeruleus ("Dark Blue Place") An arousal center, active during new tasks, vigilance, memory formation Norepinepherine (NE) Neurotransmitter released by Locus Coeruleus, absent during dreams Amphetamines are antagonists for this NT Organizing vs Activating Effects of reproductive hormones on anatomy vs.
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